The debate between shareholder primacy and stakeholder theory concerns the legal obligations of corporate directors. Introduction A corporation is never just a machine for making money. It is a legal institution, a social system, and a vehicle for allocating power, risk, and responsibility. That is why one of the most important debates in corporate governance continues to divide scholars, executives, regulators, and investors: should corporations exist primarily to maximize shareholder value, or should they balance the interests of all the people and institutions affected by their actions? This debate is commonly framed as shareholder primacy vs. stakeholder theory. Shareholder primacy says the corporation's central obligation is to its owners, the shareholders. Stakeholder theory says the corporation owes duties to a wider circle of affected parties, including employees, customers, suppliers, creditors, communities, and sometimes society at large. This is not a purely academ...
Liability for AI-generated content falls on users, deployers, developers, or platform operators rather than on the AI system itself. Introduction Artificial intelligence is no longer merely assisting content creation; it is actively participating in the production of text, images, audio, video, and code that circulate in commercial, professional, and public contexts. That shift has created a difficult legal problem: when AI-generated content causes harm, who is legally responsible? The answer is not simple. AI content may defame a person, reproduce copyrighted expression, reveal private information, mislead consumers, or generate professional harm through falsehoods that sound authoritative. Yet traditional liability doctrines were designed for human speakers, human authors, and human decision-makers. AI disrupts that model by distributing agency across several actors: the user, the deployer, the model provider, the platform, and sometimes the downstream publisher. Liability there...